| This weblog shares information on key ACP-EU programmes and events from Brussels relevant to agriculture and rural development in ACP countries. Date : [DATE] CTA Brussels Newsletter Main events in the week
- 18th Brussels Briefing on Humanitarian Assistance and Rural Development
- Our video guest: Dr. Emile Frison
- Main ACP-EU events for the week of 12th to 16th April 2010
- Mauritania: EU review fisheries agreement
- Public consultation on the EU Generalised System of Preferences
- EU-funded study urges caution on transgenic fish farming
- EU to ban meat from poorly handled animals
- Open letter to the EU Development
- A comprehensive approach to UE external action
- Big push in Europe for the Financial Transaction Tax
- Impatient EU Pushes for Progress on EPA Trade Deal
- Food security: the EU tackles hunger in developing countries
- Hoarou calls for expansion of regional integration processes
- EU-IGAD Political Dialogue Meeting
- Uganda: Experts give banana new look
- Europe agrees to funding for motor biofuel
- EAS to lead on development
- EU- CARIFORUM Meeting on political dialogue
- Commission unveils workplan for 2010 and beyond
- The ACP-EU Assembly asks for Haiti’s foreign debt to be written off
- Report sheds light on EU support for overfishing
- The European Investment Bank in Southern Africa
- EU urged to force its green policies on world's farmers
- 18th Brussels Briefing on Humanitarian Assistance and Rural Development
2010-04-09 NEWSLETTER_CATEGORIES : Aid effectiveness
The 18th Brussels Development Briefing will be on natural disasters, humanitarian assistance and rural development and will take place on 12th May 2010 (8h30-13h00) at the Borschette Center, Room 1A. This Briefing will discuss Humanitarian needs and responses looking first at recent trends and challenges and innovative and responsive approaches to future challenges. The earthquake in Haiti as many other recent natural disasters have highlighted the fragility of some States and the need for strong institutions able to strengthen risk reduction mechanisms and disaster preparedness and increase the effectiveness of response to disasters. The need for coordination and effectiveness in interventions by donors and actors is also key issue. We would like to share lessons learnt from recent experiences as to minimize the scale of future negative impact and long-term recovery. We would like to look at the impact on rural development and also the role of agriculture and rural development in rebuilding and rehabilitation efforts. For more information contact boto@cta.int or pruna@cta.int and read material online at http://brusselsbriefings.net Read more Past Briefings Video material
- Our video guest: Dr. Emile Frison
2010-04-09 NEWSLETTER_CATEGORIES : Rural development, Food Security, Environment
Our video guest this week is Dr. Emile Frison. He is the director general of Bioversity International, an international research organisation on agriculture based in Italy. In this interview, Dr. frison explains the mission of Bioversity International and the main Biodiversity Challenges faced by ACP countries. In this regard, Dr. Frison undelines that ACP countries, unlike countries in South-Asia, are relying on a wide range of agricultural species. However, he points out that those species are being negelcted on the agenda of most international initiatives. Dr. Frison also makes a link between culture and agriculture. Watch the video Briefing on Biodiversity Bioversity International
- Main ACP-EU events for the week of 12th to 16th April 2010
2010-04-09
European Parliament (Brussels): - 12th April: Meeting of the Agricultural and Rural Development Committee - 12th April: Meeting of the Development Comimttee EU Presidency (Spain): - 15th to 16th April: 4th Ministerial Conference on Integration of immigrants - 16th to 18th April: Informal Meeting of Economy and Treasury Ministers ACP Secretariat (Brussels): - 13th April: Bureau of the Committee of Ambassadors For more information please consult the calendar on our webpage http://brussels.cta.int/ European Parliament Spanish Presidency ACP Secretariat
- Mauritania: EU review fisheries agreement
2010-04-08 NEWSLETTER_CATEGORIES : Regional Fisheries
Representatives of the government of Mauritania and the European Union (EU) have started to review the application of the fisheries agreement between the two parties, which came into force two years ago. For his part, Hans-Georg Gerstenlauer, head of the EU delegation in Nouakchott, reiterated that the process of democratic transition in Mauritania and its return to constitutional order in January had enabled the Council of Europe to give a green light to the return to full cooperation between the EU and Mauritania. The European diplomat also recalled that this was the most important fisheries agreement ever reached between the EU and third countries. In 2008, fisheries ministers from EU member countries adopted the fisheries agreement between the EU and Mauritania, only with the opposition from Spain because the deal included a substantial reduction of licenses for the Spanish fleet. The 2008 agreement reduced the EU fishing fleet in Mauritanian waters, while it also reduced funding which the Union pays the African country to open their fishing grounds for European fishers. Source: Afrol News Read more EU Relations with Mauritania EU Delegation to Mauritania
- Public consultation on the EU Generalised System of Preferences
2010-04-08 NEWSLETTER_CATEGORIES : ACP-EU Trade
The EU's Generalised System of Preferences (GSP) is a trade arrangement through which the EU prvides preferential access to the EU market to 176 developing countries and territories, in the form of reduced tariffs for their goods when entering the EU market. The GSP scheme is an important element in the EU's active support for the sustainable development of developing countries. The present GSP Regulation expires on 31 December 2011. The purpose of the present consultation exercise is to seek comments from interested parties as inputs to the Commission's work to prepare a future proposal to the Council and Parliament on a successor Regulation. The consultation is aimed at all parties with an interest in the EU GSP scheme, including stakeholders within the EU and in third countries, including beneficiaries. The consultation will be open until 31 May 2010. Source: European Commission Read more The consultation document Generalised System of Preferences
- EU-funded study urges caution on transgenic fish farming
2010-04-08 NEWSLETTER_CATEGORIES : Regional Fisheries
How can we curb overexploitation of fish stocks and give commercial fish farming a boost? Some experts say transgenic fish, whose genetic material has been altered to boost growth rates, for instance, is just the ticket. But Swedish researchers have sounded a warning bell: the escape of transgenic fish into the natural environment could trigger many problems and affect the well-being of people. The research from Sweden's University of Gothenburg is part of the ERATS ('Ecological risk-assessment of transgenic salmon') project, funded under the Marie Curie Actions – Outgoing International Fellowships instrument of the EU's Sixth Framework Programme (FP6). Financing for the project totalled more than EUR 202 630. ERATS sought to study the environmental effects of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) within fish farming and to better understand the potential ecological risks associated with commercial production of transgenic fish. Researchers have been able to produce fish that grow faster than normal, or are more resistant to diseases by providing fish with genes from other organisms. These fish are known as transgenic fish. A transgene is a gene or genetic material that has been transferred naturally or by some genetic engineering techniques from one organism to another. Commercial farming of transgenic fish is not allowed anywhere, but a number of applications for such operations are being assessed by EU and US authorities. Source: European Commission Read more EU Fisheries
- EU to ban meat from poorly handled animals
2010-04-08 NEWSLETTER_CATEGORIES : ACP-EU Trade
The European Parliaments agriculture committee is considering proposals to ban the sale of meat from livestock that has suffered from poor welfare and has been produced in the EU. Members of European Parliament pushed for a swift draft of a new ‘action plan on the protection and welfare of animals’ for 2011-2015, stating “It should prevent “any producer (offering) animal products on the internal (EU) market, which do not comply with the conditions laid down by the general law.”The detailed resolution was less specific about imports – because World Trade Organisation (WTO) cases have prevented governments banning imported products on the basis of animal welfare concerns. Source: Meat International.com Read more Committee on Agriculture DG Health and Consumers
- Open letter to the EU Development
2010-04-08 NEWSLETTER_CATEGORIES : Aid effectiveness
A letter from various organisations on expanding EU support for public-public partnerships in water. The undersigned organisations would like to congratulate the European Commission on the launch of the new ACP-EU Water Facility and the two calls for proposals launched last month. In particular we would like to highlight the "Partnerships for Capacity Development in the ACP Water and Sanitation Sector", which has an earmarked budget of 40 million euro. This is the first time ever that the EU has created a ring-fenced development aid budget to support partnerships between public water operators and other public authorities (on a strict not-for-profit basis). We consider this a very encouraging departure from the strong emphasis on expanding the role of the private sector which characterised the Commission's water aid policies for many years. In the meantime, privatisation including in the form of PPPs, has proven not to be the best way to improve access to water and sanitation services for the poorest. Public-public partnerships, on the other hand, are gaining increasing support as a cost-effective and sustainable way of improving capacity among public water utilities in developing countries. Source: Transitional Institute Read more ACP-EU Water Facility Andris Piebalgs
- A comprehensive approach to UE external action
2010-04-08 NEWSLETTER_CATEGORIES : Aid effectiveness
This paper from ECDPM and ODI aims to contribute to a more inclusive and better informed debate ahead of the final decision on the set-up of the European External Action Service (EEAS). It presents a set of criteria to guide an assessment of the new institutional arrangements and mandates from a development perspective, highlights some of the issues that are being discussed and lays out a series of options. Source: European Center for Development Policy Managment Read more EU External Action Service The EU's new diplomatic service
- Big push in Europe for the Financial Transaction Tax
2010-04-08
Recently citizens and civil society organizations all over Europe have been stepping up the push for the introduction of a Financial Transaction Tax (FTT). According to calculations by Stephan Schulmeister from the Austrian Institute of Economic Research (WIFO), a small tax rate of just 0.1% on financial transactions would yield globally US$ 287bn a year, even in a scenario where the higher costs of financial transactions reduce their volume. Even a unilateral introduction in Europe could yield US$ 130bn. This additional tax income is crucial in the current situation where many European governments are running fiscal deficits of 10% of GDP and more in response to the crisis, and the IMF estimates that by 2014 government debt ratios for the G20 countries will reach on average 120% of GDP. Innovative funding like this is also one way to address the shortfalls in financing development and climate change mitigation and adaptation. Allocating just a small share of the expected FTT revenues to development cooperation would already fill the funding gap of US$ 21bn between what donors promised in 2005 and what the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) currently estimates for the 2010 outcome. It could also cover the costs of up to US$ 100bn annually for climate change adaptation in developing countries. The European NGO Confederation Concord demands that the FTT should raise funds for financing development beyond the existing commitment made by European governments to provide 0.7% of GNI as Official Development Assistance (ODA). Source: Eurodad Read more Biblography on Robin Hood Tax European Cross-networking Space
- Impatient EU Pushes for Progress on EPA Trade Deal
2010-04-08 NEWSLETTER_CATEGORIES : ACP-EU Trade
The European Commission (EC) is increasing the pressure on the East African Community (EAC) to sign the free trade deal known as an economic partnership agreement with the EU. Jacques Wunenburger, head of the economic partnership agreement (EPA) Unit at the EC, told IPS: "If no EPA is concluded, then these countries would be accommodated under either the ‘Generalised System of Preferences’ or ‘Everything But Arms’, as there is no other trade instrument available". Both options would entail more stringent rules of origin and higher duties on EU imports than an EPA, he said, burdening companies that buy machinery and capital goods from Europe. The interim EPA, also known as a Framework EPA (FEPA), is the first legally binding step towards a full EPA, a new trade framework that replaces the preferential, non-reciprocal trade system between the EU and the African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States (ACP) that expired in 2007.Talks have stalled due to EAC fears concerning reduced policy space, declining tariff revenue, and damage to local industry from EU imports. Compensation aid has also been a source of dispute. Source: Inter Press Service News Agency Read more Documents related to EPAs Region demands fresh trade talks with EU
- Food security: the EU tackles hunger in developing countries
2010-04-08 NEWSLETTER_CATEGORIES : Food Security
The European Commission adopted two new EU policy frameworks to help developing countries address the issue of food security, both in emergency and long-term situation. The objectives are to ensure progress toward achieving Millennium Development Goal related to the elimination of poverty and hunger (MDG 1), and to maximise the effectiveness of humanitarian support in crises where food insecurity threatens lives. Food security implies food availability, access to food and quality of food. The Commission promotes the vision of an environmentally friendly and sustainable agricultural model, adapted to the reality of developing countries and markets, and able to make food available, accessible and of adequate nutritional quality. It therefore concentrates on enhancing the productivity of smallholder farmers and the resilience of rural communities, supporting governance improvements for food security, and strengthening assistance mechanisms for extremely vulnerable population groups. Source: European Commission Read more Briefing on Food Security Report_of_the_Briefing_1.pdf
- Hoarou calls for expansion of regional integration processes
2010-04-08 NEWSLETTER_CATEGORIES : ACP-EU Trade
MEP Elie Hoarau has been elected to become the second Vice-Chair of the ACP-EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly. During the 19th session of the Assembly, Mr Hoarau addressed a number of issues that affect both outermost regions of the EU and ACP states. On Saturday 27 March, the first working party of the outermost regions and ACP states met in the capital of the Canary Islands, Tenerife, under the aegis of the Regional Government of the Canaries. The primary objective of the meeting was to discuss the creation of an intra-regional market between the Canaries and West Africa. Mr Hoarau praised this initiative led by the Spanish presidency of the EU and announced that he would work towards the creation of two other working parties involving EU outermost regions and the ACP: the first covering the Indian Ocean and East Africa; and the second covering the Caribbean region. Mr Hoarau is also a member of the Committee on Economic Affairs, Finance and Trade, which met the same afternoon. Together with the representative from the Seychelles, he presented the conclusions of the EU Regional Strategy Paper for Eastern and Southern Africa and Indian Ocean. The conclusions were adopted unanimously by all members of the Commission. Source: Témoignages Read more ACP-EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly Elie Hoarau
- EU-IGAD Political Dialogue Meeting
2010-04-06
The Fourth Ministerial Meeting between the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) and the European Union (EU) was held in Brussels on 23 March 2010. Formally called "Ministerial Troika", the meeting, under the Lisbon Treaty, took the name of the Political Dialogue Meeting (PDM). The two parties discussed the situation in the Horn of Africa, including Sudan, Somalia and the Gulf of Aden. They also discussed IGAD's revitalization and reform process and regional integration in the Horn of Africa. The EU underlined IGAD's strategic role in regional integration, peace and stability in the Horn. IGAD welcomed EU's stepped up engagement in the Horn of Africa, as agreed in the Foreign Affairs Council on 8 December 2009. The EU welcomed renewed efforts by IGAD to enhance the capacity of its Secretariat at the recent IGAD Council on 7-8 December 2009. It pointed out that more could be done in the region to cooperate on common infrastructure regional investments under the Horn of Africa Initiative. Source: Council of the European Union Read more IGAD Trade and regional integration
- Uganda: Experts give banana new look
2010-04-06 NEWSLETTER_CATEGORIES : Food Security, ACP-EU Trade, Rural development
Uganda is one of the world’s top banana-growing countries, producing as many as 10 million tonnes of the fruit each year, but the banana market is under-exploited. Its potential to act as a bastion of food-security and create lucrative openings for ambitious entrepreneurs requires innovation in the way the fruit is produced, marketed and consumed. Currently, African bananas make up only 4% of the bananas sold in the European Union, the world’s largest banana importer, and this figure is set to decrease further as the EU will imminently abandon its reduced import tax for African bananas. But bananas for export are not the first priority to Fen Beed, researcher at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA). Internal markets should be strengthened first, he says, and to do that, a greater synergy between all the players in the banana game is crucial, especially since banana production in Uganda has actually been decreasing over the last few years. Source: Fresh Plaza Read more IITA Banana and Plantain Network
- Europe agrees to funding for motor biofuel
2010-04-06 NEWSLETTER_CATEGORIES : Environment
The European Commission announced Wednesday in Brussels that it approved French contributions totaling $25.5 million to fund the development of motor biofuels. The commission said it supported an effort by French energy giant GDF Suez to develop technology needed for second-generation biofuels. Second-generation biofuels are expected to produce more energy with less impact on global food crops than their conventional counterparts. Joaquin Almunia, the Spanish vice president of the European Commission, said the program, dubbed the Gaya project, is consistent with European efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 2020. The objective of the Gaya project is to develop a biomethane industry using a demonstration plant operating over a period of seven years. GDF Suez and its partners will conduct research and development to test biomass production for motor fuels. The Gaya project isn't expected to yield commercial benefits until at least 2020. Source: bioenergy.checkbiotech.org Read more Bioenergy and agriculture Biogas, reviewed and upgraded
- EAS to lead on development
2010-04-06
EU High Representative Catherine Ashton has brokered a deal with the European Commission for some strategic influence on the development aid budget, according to the draft Council decision for the European External Action Service (EAS) published on 25 March, although the Commission has retained a say in all decisions.The draft legal decision (1)- which if approved by the European Parliament and member states will bring the EAS into force officially - was presented a full week ahead of schedule, countering widespread accusations that Ashton had neither the time nor the negotiating clout to close the deal with the Commission by April. Source: Europolitics Read more The EU's new diplomatic service European External Action Service
- EU- CARIFORUM Meeting on political dialogue
2010-04-06
The European Union and CARIFORUM met for the first CARIFORUM-EU Political Dialogue at Kingston, Jamaica, to discuss issues of interest and relevance to both parties within the framework of the upcoming EU-CARIFORUM Summit to take place in Madrid on 17 May 2010. There was a fruitful exchange of views on hemispheric issues related to Latin America and the Caribbean and the growing cooperation taking place between CARIFORUM countries and hemispheric neighbours, specifically the Rio Group, the Latin American and Caribbean Integration Development Process (CALC), UNASUR and the Latin American Bolivarian Alliance (ALBA). Other challenges facing the Caribbean were discussed and special mention was made of the global financial crisis, regional food security, the high dependence on energy and problems related to climate change and natural disasters. In this context the idea was mooted to hold a bi-regional EU- CARIFORUM conference on climate change ahead of COP 16 in Cancun. The European Union expressed its willingness to work closely with partners to find common ground and to provide assistance to the Caribbean region. Both sides exchanged views on the operationalisation of an effective EU-Caribbean strategy which included an analysis of the implications of the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon and the relations with the European Union. Source: Conseil de l'Union européenne Read the Final Communiqué CARICOM Secretariat Caribbean and EU Trade Development
- Commission unveils workplan for 2010 and beyond
2010-04-06
Tackling the economic crisis and its social impact are the European Commission's top priorities for the next year and beyond. But the EU executive's work plan was branded by the socialists as "a job-loss programme".The Commission highlighted four main strands in its work programme:Tackling the economic crisis and sustaining Europe's social market economy; Building a citizens' agenda which puts people at the heart of European action; Developing an ambitious and coherent external agenda with global outreach; Modernising EU instruments and ways of working. With the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty, the EU's role as a global player is expected to improve, mainly via the appointment of Catherine Ashton as high representative for foreign and security policy and the establishment of a European diplomatic service (European External Action Service.The Commission says it is committed to strengthening the EU not only as a political power, but also as an economic bloc to face global financial and economic challenges. "One of the key lessons of the global crisis is that the size of the EU and the euro area matter in influencing global policy responses," reads the Commission work programme. Brussels "will propose to consolidate European representation in international financial institutions," the paper underlines. In the years to come, the Commission will propose "a three-stage approach to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of euro area [and] EU representation in the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank," it says. Trade also ranks among the top priorities, with a trade strategy for 2020 expected in the autumn. The objective is to "continue working towards reducing barriers to international flows of trade and investment".Closing the Doha Round and opening new global negotiations on "sectors of the future" such as the high-tech, environmental technology and international standardisation sectors will be crucial targets of the trade strategy. Source: Euractiv Read more Commission Work Programme 2010 The EU's new diplomatic service
- The ACP-EU Assembly asks for Haiti’s foreign debt to be written off
2010-04-06
The 19th Africa, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP)-European Union Joint Parliamentary Assembly asked for Haiti’s foreign debt, estimated at 1 billion dollars, to be written off and stressed the need for investment in earthquake-resistant buildings and ‘massive reforestation’. It also advocated changing the development model to guarantee its effectiveness and transparency, while it asked for agriculture to play a key role in development policy.The final resolution on Haiti calls for the EU and other donor countries to help repair the structural damage suffered by the country and asks for urgent help to re-establish agriculture, which accounts for 60% of Haiti's food production. The text of the resolution also asks the EU for urgent help to meet the basic needs of children, including the construction of temporary schools. Source: Spanish EU Presidency Read more Solidarity with Haiti Speech by the EU High Representative
- Report sheds light on EU support for overfishing
2010-04-06 NEWSLETTER_CATEGORIES : Regional Fisheries
EU subsidies to fishermen were supposed to help tackle overcapacity in the sector. But one third of the money nevertheless contributed to increasing the pressure on EU stocks that are already declining, according to the Pew Environment Group, an NGO. The funding, distributed between 2000 and 2006, "was intended to progress fleet capacity reduction" and help the sector cope with related restructuring, argues a report by the Pew Environment Group. But only 17% of the funds were used to scrap vessels to reduce fishing capacity or to protect marine resources, alleges the report, published on 30 March. According to the NGO, 29% of the funding went on supporting "negative measures" for fish stocks, such as building new vessels and modernising existing ones, which contribute to both the overcapacity of European fleets and overfishing. 54% of the subsidies were found to have had a "neutral" impact on fishing capacity. Source: EUractiv Read more Review of the Common Fisheries Policy Pew Environment Group
- The European Investment Bank in Southern Africa
2010-04-06
The European Investment Bank (EIB) and the Development Bank of Southern Africa (DBSA) agreed to set up a joint technical assistance programme to improve the preparation and implementation of infrastructure projects. This recognises the need for national and local infrastructure agencies to be able to prepare and implement high quality and viable projects capable of gaining public and private financial support and that the lack of well planned and formulated projects is hindering economic development.The EUR 6m (ZAR 61.2m) programme, including EUR 3m from the European Investment Bank and EUR 3m from DBSA, will primarily target countries across southern and eastern Africa with a specific focus on improving infrastructure project preparation in the transport, energy, water and sanitation, urban and ICT sectors.The DBSA-EIB Project Development and Support Facility (PDSF) was signed in Johannesburg by European Investment Bank Vice President responsible for Africa Plutarchos Sakellaris and Development Bank of Southern Africa Chief Executive Officer Paul Baloyi. Speaking at the signing ceremony Plutarchos Sakellaris said: “The European Investment Bank looks forward to working with DBSA to address the fundamental deficit in infrastructure in many parts of Africa that limits access to basic services. We wish to strengthen our long relationship with DBSA and collaborate to improve infrastructure project preparation and implementation in order to reduce the infrastructure backlog in key areas.”Paul Baloyi added, “The 15 year long relationship with EIB has now evolved to a new level of cooperation and co-funding by the signing of this agreement. This facility will enable the two institutions to advance priority projects in the region as required and ensure broader benefit. The potential in the region is huge, but it hinges on unlocking the opportunities.”The Project Development and Support Facility will focus on high development impact projects, notably also investing in rehabilitation measures, while promoting climate change resilience of existing infrastructure. Projects arising from regional economic and energy initiatives, recommended by the European Commission Delegations or bilateral agencies are also targeted. The Facility will fund studies and consultancy services that will advance preparation, financing and implementation of infrastructure projects that would not otherwise reach financial or legal closure, and EIB involvement at an earlier stage will enable more efficient use of other forms of technical assistance where appropriate. Source: European Investment Bank Read more EIB DBSA
- EU urged to force its green policies on world's farmers
2010-04-06 NEWSLETTER_CATEGORIES : Rural development, Environment
The EU should force other world agricultural powers to adopt similar environmental rules if they wish to export to Europe, the chair of the European Parliament's agriculture committee, Paolo De Castro, told EurActiv in an interview. "Don't forget that Europe imports more food and agricultural products from all over the world than US, Canada and Australia put together, and 85% of African agricultural exports go to Europe," De Castro stressed. While Europe should continue to be an open market, "the standards and rules followed by EU farmers should be followed even by the people who want to export to Europe," the socialist MEP said, adding that EU farmers would otherwise face unfair competition from the rest of the world. The United States' Food and Drug Administration (FDA) only allows bottles of wine to be exported to the USA if US rules are followed, "and this is exactly what we have to introduce in Europe," De Castro argued. Source: Euractiv Read more Paolo DE CASTRO Agriculture and Rural Development
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NOTE If you have questions or suggestions, please write to us at : boto@cta.int For more information on the full range of CTA activities please go to http://www.cta.int/ More information on CTA activities in Brussels at : http://brussels.cta.int/ CTA is an institution of the ACP Group of States (Africa, Caribbean and Pacific) and the EU (European Union), in the framework of the Cotonou Agreement and is financed by the EU. Copyright © 2009 Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation ACP-EU. Email:cta@cta.int The opinions expressed in the comments and analysis are those of the authors, and do not necessarily reflect the views of CTA. You are currently subscribed to the CTA Brussels Newsletter.
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